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Effect of duration of reproductive stages on yield in soybean

Philips Varghese1, S.P. Taware1, G.B. Halvankar1 and V.M. Raut1

1 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agharkar Research Institute, Agarkar Road, Pune 411004, Maharashtra, India. Email vphilipsari@yahoo.com

Abstract

A study was done on duration of reproductive stages (R1 to R8) of soybean in relation to seed yield using 56 soybean varieties. Wide range of variability was observed for these traits. Significant negative correlation was revealed between seed yield and days taken to physiological maturity stage (R7). Possible use of these characters in breeding for yield improvement in soybean is suggested.

Media summary

Soybean varieties with high yield potential can be developed for sub tropical climate by selection based on reduced reproductive growth phases.

Key Words

Growth phases, R1 to R8, Varieties, Soybean,

Introduction

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) originated in China many centuries ago and now is grown around the world because of its adaptation as well as its uses. In India it is one of the important oilseed crop with respect to area and production and is grown around a latitude range of 16o to 260 N and longitude range of 730 to 840 E. Soybean is mainly grown as a rainy season crop under rainfed conditions resulting in lower productivity in the country as compared to the world over. The wide range of growing areas resulted in development of many high yielding varieties and these show a lot of variations in the duration of reproductive stages when grown in different regions. Earlier attempts were made to study response of soybean at different growth stages to soil moisture, drought and maturity (Rakchum et al. 2003, Desclaux and Roumet 1996 and Egli 1994). An attempt has been made to study the duration of different reproductive stages and its effect on yield of 56 soybean varieties developed at different research institutes in India and grown at one place with uniform conditions.

Methods

A field trial was conducted with 56 soybean varieties in RBD (S.D.-24/7/02) at the institute’s farm located at 18o N latitude and 78o longitude and altitude of 600 meters above mean sea level. The different growth stages of soybean have been defined (Fehr et al. 1971) as vegetative growth stages (V stages) and reproductive growth stages (R stages). The reproductive growth stages are R1- appearance of first flower, R2 - 50% flowering, R3 - pod initiation, R4 - full pod formation, R5 - seed initiation, R6 - full seed formation, R7 - physiological maturity and R8 - harvest maturity. Data on days required to attain all these stages in different varieties were recorded and analysed statistically. The difference in days to achieve different growth stages were calculated and correlated to yield.

Results

Significant differences were found between varieties for days to different reproductive stages (R1 to R8) and yield (Table 1). Varieties showed significantly higher and lower differences in R1 to R8 stages. Thirty-three varieties showed more yield than mean and was significant in case of five varieties, viz. JS80-21, GS 1, Punjab 1, PK 308 and JS 335. The difference between days to R7 and other stages showed significantly negative correlation with yield (Table 2). Nine varieties with significantly less difference in achieving R7 gave more yield than mean (Punjab 1, JS 335, MACS 57, NRC 37, T 49, JS 90-41, IP, MAUS 47 and Monetta). MACS 330 showed the shortest reproductive phase.

Table 1. Mean values for yield and duration of reproductive stages in soybean.

Sr.
No.


Name

Seed yield
(Kg/ha)


R1*

 


R2

 


R3

 


R4

 


R5

 


R6

 


R7

 


R8

 

1

ALANKAR

1653

33

 

37

 

46

 

48

 

54

 

70

 

88

 

98

**

2

ANKUR

1606

29

##

34

#

40

#

49

 

54

 

67

 

84

 

95

 

3

BRAGG

2367

32

 

34

#

41

 

52

 

56

 

72

 

88

 

96

*

4

CO 1

1436

42

**

45

**

51

**

57

**

60

**

78

**

91

**

99

**

5

CO 2

2267

33

 

35

 

41

 

46

#

54

 

68

 

80

#

89

#

6

GS 1

3386**

36

*

39

*

51

**

56

*

58

 

74

 

86

 

95

 

7

HARDEE

1111#

35

 

39

*

52

**

56

*

58

 

74

 

92

**

101

**

8

HIMSO 1563

934##

29

##

33

##

40

#

49

 

54

 

66

 

86

 

90

 

9

IMPR.PELIC

2047

35

 

40

**

53

**

55

 

57

 

76

**

87

 

96

*

10

INDIRA SOY

2256

33

 

40

**

52

**

56

*

58

 

73

 

88

 

98

**

11

JS 335

2678*

33

 

35

 

41

 

48

 

54

 

67

 

78

##

87

##

12

JS 71 05

1256

25

##

30

##

36

##

42

##

48

##

63

##

80

#

87

##

13

JS 72 280

2359

36

**

40

**

51

**

55

 

58

 

74

 

88

 

95

 

14

JS 72 44

2506

34

 

36

 

48

 

54

 

57

 

76

**

88

 

96

*

15

JS 75 46

1520

35

 

40

**

49

 

54

 

57

 

74

 

87

 

95

 

16

JS 76 205

1661

34

 

36

 

48

 

52

 

55

 

69

 

84

 

87

##

17

JS 79 81

147##

32

 

34

#

48

 

55

 

57

 

70

 

86

 

95

 

18

JS 80 21

3423**

36

**

40

**

44

 

51

 

57

 

76

**

87

 

96

*

19

JS 90 41

2067

32

 

34

#

42

 

52

 

55

 

68

 

78

##

87

##

20

KALITUR

817##

31

#

33

##

37

##

45

##

54

 

70

 

84

 

95

 

21

KB 79

2072

32

 

34

#

43

 

48

 

54

 

68

 

82

 

95

 

22

KHSb 2

1989

33

 

41

**

48

 

54

 

58

 

78

**

92

**

101

**

23

LEE

1070#

40

**

43

**

52

**

57

**

59

*

76

**

88

 

98

**

24

MACS 124

2198

39

**

43

**

50

*

54

 

57

 

74

 

87

 

95

 

25

MACS 13

2631

36

**

42

**

53

**

57

**

59

*

76

**

88

 

98

**

26

MACS 330

1475

29

##

32

##

35

##

42

##

49

##

55

##

66

##

73

##

27

MACS 450

2242

33

 

35

 

47

 

52

 

55

 

69

 

84

 

91

 

28

MACS 57

2447

35

 

39

*

44

 

50

 

54

 

71

 

80

#

87

##

29

MACS 754

2647

33

 

36

 

47

 

52

 

55

 

72

 

85

 

95

 

30

MACS 58

2378

33

 

38

 

47

 

53

 

56

 

72

 

84

 

95

 

31

MAUS 2

1192

40

**

43

**

48

 

57

**

60

**

74

 

88

 

95

 

Sr.
No.


Name

Seed yield
(Kg/ha)


R1*

 


R2

 


R3

 


R4

 


R5

 


R6

 


R7

 


R8

 

32

MAUS 32

1611

37

**

41

**

50

*

55

 

57

 

74

 

88

 

95

 

33

MAUS 47

2003

29

##

33

##

37

##

45

##

52

#

65

 

74

##

80

##

34

MONETTA

1925

32

 

32

##

40

#

43

##

52

#

63

##

74

##

80

##

35

NRC 2

1678

32

 

36

 

45

 

51

 

54

 

68

 

84

 

89

#

36

NRC 12

1495

27

##

31

##

39

##

49

 

54

 

67

 

84

 

90

 

37

NRC 37

2397

32

 

36

 

47

 

53

 

55

 

69

 

82

 

89

#

38

NRC 7

1106#

29

##

31

##

37

##

42

##

49

##

67

 

80

#

87

##

39

PK 1024

1042#

29

##

32

##

39

##

47

 

52

#

68

 

86

 

93

 

40

PK 1029

2214

32

 

34

#

44

 

52

 

56

 

68

 

86

 

95

 

41

PK 262

1362

34

 

37

 

47

 

54

 

57

 

68

 

87

 

95

 

42

PK 308

2856*

32

 

37

 

51

**

55

 

58

 

74

 

87

 

96

*

43

PK 327

1486

33

 

36

 

47

 

53

 

57

 

67

 

87

 

95

 

44

PK 416

1773

29

##

32

##

39

##

45

##

52

#

62

##

80

#

87

##

45

PK 471

2350

35

 

40

**

47

 

50

 

54

 

68

 

86

 

93

 

46

PK 472

2014

35

 

37

 

45

 

52

 

55

 

69

 

86

 

95

 

47

PK 564

2248

29

##

32

##

38

##

43

##

52

#

67

 

82

 

87

##

48

PUNJAB 1

2914**

35

 

40

**

49

 

53

 

56

 

69

 

82

 

87

##

49

PUSA 16

2325

31

#

35

 

44

 

50

 

55

 

69

 

86

 

95

 

50

PUSA 20

2081

32

 

34

#

47

 

53

 

56

 

68

 

86

 

95

 

51

PUSA 22

1428

32

 

34

#

43

 

49

 

54

 

68

 

82

 

87

##

52

PUSA 24

223##

32

 

34

#

44

 

49

 

55

 

68

 

87

 

91

 

53

PUSA 37

2609

33

 

36

 

48

 

53

 

56

 

68

 

84

 

93

 

54

SHILAJEET

2020

29

##

32

##

39

##

42

##

54

 

67

 

82

 

87

##

55

SHIVLIK

2439

35

 

39

*

52

**

54

 

57

 

76

**

87

 

98

**

56

T 49

2264

39

**

45

**

58

**

60

**

66

**

75

*

90

**

98

**

 

Mean

1922.94

32.89

 

36.37

 

45.29

 

50.98

 

55.45

 

70.00

 

84.43

 

92.47

 
 

SE

286.95

0.870

 

0.831

 

1.595

 

1.606

 

1.215

 

1.64

 

1.534

 

1.443

 
 

CD 5%

730.99

2.21

 

2.12

 

4.06

 

4.09

 

3.10

 

4.18

 

3.91

 

3.67

 
 

CD 1%

973.48

2.95

 

2.82

 

5.41

 

5.45

 

4.12

 

5.56

 

5.21

 

4.89

 

R1 to R8 - Days to appearance of first flower, 50% flowering, pod initiation, full pod formation, seed initiation, full seed formation, Physiological maturity and harvest maturity respectively. *, ** Significantly more than mean at 5% and 1% respectively, #, ## Significantly less than mean at 5% and 1% respectively.

Table 2. Correlation of yield with duration of reproductive stages.

 

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6

R7

R8

R1

0.20

0.25

0.21

0.09

-0.01

0.16

-0.17

-0.04

R2

 

0.26

0.11

-0.05

-0.18

0.01

-0.30*

-0.15

R3

   

0.26

-0.22

-0.24

-0.08

-0.36**

-0.22

R4

     

0.19

-0.12

0.06

-0.30*

-0.14

R5

       

0.22

0.18

-0.22

-0.05

R6

         

0.26

-0.42**

-0.22

R7

           

-0.02

-0.22

R8

             

0.08

*, ** Significant at 5% and 1% respectively. Figures on the diagonal are correlation of R1 to R8 stages with yield and figures above diagonal are the correlation of yield with respective difference in duration of R8 stages.

Conclusion

Variability is seen to be pronounced in soybean varieties for days to different reproductive stages. There is correlation of yield with days to reproductive stages in soybean. This variability can be exploited to breed varieties with shorter reproductive stages to increase yield.

References

Desclaux D and Roumet P (1996). Impact of drought stress on the phenology of two soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) cultivars. Field Crops Research 46, 61-70.

Egli DB (1994). Cultivar maturity and reproductive growth duration in soybean. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 173, 249-254.

Rakchum S, Yong SJ and Sangin S (2000). Response of soybean cultivars to excessive soil moisture imposed at different growth stages. Korean Journal of Crop Science 45, 282-287.

Fehr WR, Cavines CE, Burmood DT and Pennington JS (1971). Stages of development descriptions for soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. Crop Science 11, 929-931.

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