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Spatial prediction of soil properties in a radiata pine forest, northern New Zealand: how does forest harvesting affect the performance of prediction techniques?

Haydon S. Jones1, David J. Lowe1, Chris McLay2, Tim W. Payn3, Mark Kimberley3 and Lars Brabyn4

1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand. www.erth.waikato.ac.nz

Email haydonjones@xtra.co.nz and d.lowe@waikato.ac.nz
2
Environment Waikato, Box 4010, Hamilton East, New Zealand. www.ew.govt.nz Email chris.mclay@ew.govt.nz
3
Forest Research, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand. www.forestresearch.co.nz Email tim.payn@forestresearch.co.nz and mark.kimberley@forestresearch.co.nz
4
Department of Geography, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand. Email larsb@waikato.ac.nz

Abstract

We have measured and compared the impacts of hauler-based, clear-fell, forest harvesting on the performance of six prediction techniques representing quantitative soil-landscape modelling, geostatistical, and class-based approaches to the spatial prediction of soil properties. The prediction techniques included three class-based techniques (CB1-3), multi-linear regression (MLR), regression kriging (RK), and ordinary kriging (OK). Six soil properties (macroporosity, total C, Bray P, Bray K, Bray Mg, and pH) were measured at 208 sample points on a regular 16.7-m grid pattern within each of two sub-adjacent five-ha plots comprising mainly Ultisols. One plot was under first rotation mature trees (i.e. pre-harvested) and the other had been harvested and was under second rotation two year-old trees (post-harvested). A jack-knifing procedure was used for the validation of the prediction techniques in each plot. For each soil property, the techniques were compared in terms of their bias (mean error), precision (root-mean-square error), and relative prediction performance (mean and standard deviation of rank and goodness-of-prediction), both within and between plots. We found that most techniques gave less biased and less precise predictions for most soil properties after forest harvesting. Across all soil properties, the relative performance of some prediction techniques (CB1, RK, and OK) generally became poorer after forest harvesting whereas the relative performance of other techniques (CB2 and CB3) generally improved. On balance, the performance of MLR remained the same. The geostatistical OK technique was generally the best predictor of soil properties across both plots. However, the CB2 technique also performed reasonably well (especially after harvesting).

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