Abstract

Six different growing systems were studied: primitive one - without material inputs, two low input systems, ecological systém without chemicals, standard and maximalistic with the input level for rapeseed yield cca 5 t.ha^-1. It is evident that the costs and financial gain per ha are very different.

Growing technology is a complex system in which the input and its increase need another precautions. The ecological system with mechanical weed control and nutrition based on liquid manure appears to be significantly negative. Plants without insecticides and fungicides are extremely damaged by pests and diseases and therefore the cause of expressive yield decreases. The maximalistic growing system can not exist without the use of growth regulators or intensive chemicals and without the insurance of production limits i. e. yield reduction by harmful factors, lodging, bud drop, irregular ripening etc. This very intensive system already shows a lower input effectiveness and lower rentability in comparison with the standard technology with the yields 3-4 t.ha^-1. The ha gain is as usually lower. But it is very acceptable if the prices grow higher and the growing technology inputs are lower.

INTRODUCTION

European growing technologies in winter rape (Appelquist and Ohlson 1972, Budzynski and Ojczyk 1996, Gajdaš et al. 1998, Golcov et al. 1983, Cramer 1990, Makowski et al. 1990, Mustapič et al. 1984, CETIOM 1992, Vašák et al. 1997) are almost the same, with the exception of the time of sowing, which ranges from the 1^st of August till the 10^th of September and the accent on the decrease of sowing rates till around 2 kg . ha^-1 or 40 – 50 seeds per 1 m². The maritime western Europe underlines the influence of diseases while the central and eastern Europe with the continental climate accents pests.

With the changes of subsidiary systems in EU and economics transformation, i. e. with the decrease of subsidies for the intensification of the production, the low input technologies have been developed. (Brown et. al. 1995, Hebinger 1995, Vašák et al. 1993). From the economical point of view the high intensive technologies have been suitable, diluting the relatively constant costs connected with taxes, basal function of the enterprise, soil preparation and sowing into a higher production volume (Vašák et al. 1996, Hebinger 1997, Alpmann 1997, Sova 1999, Dölger 1999). Besides the high level of all inputs, their common part is usually the nutrition, microelements, sulphur, high level of insecticide protection against stem and pods pests, growth regulators and hybrid varieties.

Material and methods

Experiments in 4 replicates were done in 1995/96-1997/98 at the Research Station of the Czech University of Agriculture in Červený Újezd. The soil is deep there saturated brown soil on solian soil, 450 m above sea level. In the period of 12 months – August- July the precipitations and temperatures were as follows: 1995/96: 519 mm, 6,8 °C, i.e. normal in moisture, but very cold; 1996/7: 500 mm 7,4 ^oC; i.e. normal in moisture, but very cold; 1997/8: 338 mm 9,1 ^oC, i.e. very dry and warm year period. Long-time annual mean was 549 mm and 8,8 ^oC. In 1995/6 the experiments had to be eliminated for winter killing. They were partly substituted by the experiments at Hořice stand.

Six complete technologies of winter rape production were chosen. The main differences are given in Table 1.

Table 1. Survey of the main technological processes, six winter rape technologies

Notes: * pig liquid manure

Insecticides were used at "INT, STAND, LIH, LIA" against Ceutorhynchus napi a C. quadridens (1 x) and Meligethes aeneus (1 x), at "INT" also against C. assimilis a Dasyneura brassicae. Fungicide was used at "INT" mainly against Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at the beginning of flowering. Growth regulators - in autumn "CCC" - chlormequat for the intensifying the root growth and in spring against the lodging Parlay C (paclobutrazol + chlormequat) at the "INT" variant. In spring 2 x at the "INT" variant and 1 x at the "STAND" the Czech chemical Relan PGR (antranil acid + paracetamol) was used for the increase of thousand seed weight. For the regulation of ripening the defoliant Basta 15 (glufosinate -NH4) and the chemical Spodnam (dimethipin) against pod cracking.

Results and discussion

The results are given in Table 2. The statistical evaluation is for disposal at the main author. Its volume exceeds the possibility of the article.

Table 2. Selected differences among growing technologies of winter rape. Precise experiment 1996/7 / 1997/8 *

Notes: * The data are rounded off.

** Orientation data from the flowering period 1997.

The growing system reacts as a whole and it is not possible to decrease or increase the final effects by a qualitative growth of individual inputs - seed and oil yield, receipts and profit. For example "ECO" system is not complete considering pest and disease protection. It means that the relatively satisfied mutation and protection against weeds by means of hoeing enable (in comparison with "PRIM" technology) only not significantly higher yields, but significantly lower/profits. This corresponds with the data described by Jankowski and Budzyňski (1997) showing that the intensity of pest and disease invasion increases with the N doses. Absence of the pest protection devastates the inputs into "ECO" systém. Eco-plants, with damaged stems by the genus Ceutorrhynchus – and other diseases are very intensively damaged by lodging too.

The maximum technology "INT" therefore needs minimalization of negative factors reducing yields. It means that the selection for non-lodging varieties and 30 - 40 plants/m², growth regulators, insecticides and fungicides is necessary. To regulate yield formation and reduction by the selection of hybrid variety, high level of harmonic nutrition including microelements and stimulators and intensive protection, which besides that prolongates the assimilation period of pods and stems. Ripening regulation then unifies different period of pod and stem ripening.

The level of generative organ reduction increases with their original number, at nearly the same nutrition. It is not effective in the case of nutrition, which has been the main protection against pod and flower reduction together with the use of insecticides. It is evident from the "PRIM" variant, without fertilization in extraordinary low number of pods. The ploughing systems "INT", "STAND", "EKO" show significantly higher dry matter formation in comparison with the systems "LIH", "LIA", "PRIM", without ploughing. Thanks to the higher mineralisation they better exploit and uptake nitrogen in comparison with "STAND" and "LIH", "LIA".

There exists a significant decrease of oil content at the "INT" variant with 240 kg N/ha, which is remarkable in comparison with the unfertilized "PRIM" variant. The increase of glucosinolate content is very interesting in the variants without protection, i.e. "EKO", "PRIM". Obviously stress invasion of pests is the cause of a higher formation of natural protective compounds - glucosinolates.

Economic data show high costs for "INT" technology, which is comparable with the check "STAND" variant, ever if the profit is significantly higher.

The incomplete variant "ECO" appears to be the worst one. Economically the "PRIM" variant is much more suitable. This one can be well exploited only after fertilizing and not weed infested previous crop - never after the grain cereals. The low input technologies "LIH" and "LIA" did not give a good account mainly for the inefficient nutrient uptake and a weaker growth in un-ploughed soil. The vasted grains after a shallow soil cultivation are also negative. More suitable is the Horsch system ("LIH"), which is practically the sowing rotavator. It is more intesive on the soil cultivation being compared whit the rotary harrow at Amazone.

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the National Agency for CR Agricultural research. This work was supported in part from research grant No: 6355/96 and EP7252.

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