|
First National Conference on the
Future of Australia's Country Towns |
 |
  
What is happening in rural and regional populations?
Graeme Hugo
Professor of Geography, University of Adelaide
Introduction
There are many myths which have been perpetuated about non-metropolitan Australia but among the least tenable is the stereotyping of these areas as being less dynamic and less differentiated than the nation's metropolitan areas. The present paper seeks to dispel this myth by examining some of the contemporary dynamics of the non-metropolitan sector through the window of considering the shifts in its population. The 37.3 percent of Australians living outside of cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants are changing in substantial and important ways under the influence of economic, social, political and environmental changes. The people of the sector are its most important resource yet, while the dynamics of population change in the metropolitan sector are well known, that occurring in non-metropolitan Australia has not been analysed to the same extent. The present paper seeks to summarise trends in the size, composition and spatial distribution of Australians living outside the major cities. At the outset, however, it is necessary to address some definitional issues.
Defining Non-Metropolitan Areas
With the burgeoning of interest in regional issues in Australia there has been a great deal of confusion about who should be included in considerations of regional Australia. Part of the confusion has arisen from a lack of conceptual clarity. Terms such as regional, rural and remote are employed sometimes with a specific meaning and in other cases more vaguely. Much of the present confusion regarding rural, remote and regional stems from an attempt to combine into a single classification two distinctly different conceptual elements:
- urban/rural
- accessibility/remoteness
It is argued here that these are quite different concepts and need to be treated as such in differentiating types of settlement. An area can be both urban and remote or rural and remote. Any attempt to classify non-metropolitan Australia into rural and remote areas is misplaced. We need to classify areas in terms of their urbanness/ruralness and we also need to classify them by their degree of remoteness. The Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) already has a system of identifying and classifying urban and rural areas and it is argued that this system needs to be maintained albeit slightly modified. On the other hand, it is also suggested that there is a need for an additional classification of accessibility/remoteness which allows areas outside of the major cities of the nation to be classified according to their degree of accessibility to services. Such a classification, known as ARIA (Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia), has been developed in the National Key Centre for Social Applications of Geographical Information Systems (GISCA) located at the University of Adelaide (Bamford et al. 1999).
The definitions employed in this paper can be clearly stated. The term non-metropolitan is used to refer to all parts of the country outside of centres with more than 100,000 inhabitants. Within these areas two types of differentiation are made. Firstly in accordance with the Australian Standard Geographical Classification (ASGC) `Sections of State' are recognised as follows:
- Major Urban - urban areas (Urban Centres in the UC/L Structure) with a population of 100,000 and over.
- Other Urban - urban areas (Urban centres in the UC/L Structure) with a population of 1,000 to 99,999.
- Bounded Rural Locality - rural areas (Localities in the UC/L) with a population of 200-999 population.
- Rural Balance - the remainder of the S/T.
- Migratory - areas composed of offshore, shipping and migratory CDs.
However, the paper also differentiates within non-metropolitan areas according to their degree of remoteness. ARIA indices of remoteness have been calculated for 11,338 localities outside of Australia's major cities and the entire area of non-metropolitan Australia has been classified into five categories of remoteness:
- Highly Accessible - locations with relatively unrestricted accessibility to a wide range of goods and services and opportunities for social interaction.
- Accessible - locations with some restrictions to accessibility of some goods, services and opportunities for social interaction.
- Moderately Accessible - locations with significantly restricted accessibility of goods, services and opportunities for social interaction.
- Remote - locations with very restricted accessibility of goods, services and opportunities for social interaction.
- Very Remote - locationally disadvantaged - very little accessibility of goods, services and opportunities for social interaction.
The distribution of these five types of areas is depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Accessibility/Remoteness Index of Australia (ARIA) 1996
ARIA index values interpolated to 1 km grid
|
|
|
ARIA categories
|
|
Remote
Moderately Accessible
Accessible
Very Accessible
Very Remote
|
|
|
Source: Glover, Harris and Tennant 1999, p. 9
|
Population Trends In Non-Metropolitan Australia
In this section we will examine the extent to which Australia's non-metropolitan population has changed over the last three decades. This will be undertaken from a number of viewpoints. One perspective is provided in Table 1 which addresses directly the focus of this meeting - Country Towns. This shows that over the period that the present definition of urban centres has been applied that the number of non-metropolitan1 urban places (i.e. country towns) has proliferated from 450 in 1966 to 728 in 1996. Country towns have increased their share of the national population from 20.5 percent in 1966 to 23.7 percent in 1996. Indeed, if one includes the large provincial centres with between 100,000 and 499,999 inhabitants in this category the increase is even more marked - from 25.9 to 32.9 percent. It may come as a surprise to some that almost one-quarter of Australians live in country towns and regional centres.
Another perspective is provided if we examine the `Section of State' statistics referred to in the previous section. Figure 2 shows the changes which occurred in the proportions living in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas over the twentieth century. The long-term tendency toward increasing concentration of the Australian population is in evidence. There is a consistent pattern of urban areas increasing their share of the total population up to 1976. At the 1933 census, 37.4 percent of Australians lived in rural areas but by 1961 this proportion had halved and in 1976 only 13.9 percent of the population was classified as rural. The pattern was, however, not just one of concentration in urban centres but of a growing dominance of the largest metropolitan centres. Indeed, the non-metropolitan share of the total national population progressively declined in the half century following 1921 from 57 to 36 percent so that by 1971 nearly two-thirds of all Australians lived in the large metropolitan capital cities. Between 1971 and 1976, however, the proportion living in rural areas continued to decline (albeit marginally) but there was also a decline in the metropolitan area's share of the total national population. Hence in the early 1970s the only sector to gain ground was that of the non-metropolitan urban centres. It is apparent from Figure 2 (and Table 2 which indicates the numbers living in the various section of state categories at recent censuses) that over the subsequent period there has been a relative stability in the proportions of Australians living in major urban
Table 1: Distribution of Population by Settlement Size, 1966, 1971, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991 and 1996
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Settlement Size
|
Number of urban centres
|
Percentage of population
|
|
|
1966
|
1971
|
1976
|
1981
|
1986
|
1991
|
1996
|
1966
|
1971a/
|
1976
|
1981
|
1986
|
1991
|
1996
|
500,000 and over
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
5
|
56.0
|
57.9
|
57.0
|
55.5
|
54.5
|
53.3
|
53.1
|
100,000 - 499,999
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
8
|
7
|
8
|
8
|
5.4
|
6.6
|
7.5
|
8.9
|
8.2
|
9.1
|
9.2
|
75,000 - 99,999
|
1
|
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
0.8
|
6.5
|
0.6
|
0.7
|
0.6
|
0.5
|
1.0
|
50,000 - 74,999
|
5
|
5
|
6
|
9
|
7
|
6
|
6
|
2.4
|
2.5
|
2.5
|
3.8
|
2.8
|
2.2
|
2.1
|
25,000 - 49,999
|
5
|
12
|
13
|
12
|
11
|
17
|
25
|
1.5
|
3.2
|
3.1
|
3.2
|
2.3
|
3.3
|
4.6
|
20,000 - 24,999
|
11
|
8
|
6
|
12
|
22
|
22
|
17
|
2.1
|
1.4
|
0.9
|
2.1
|
3.1
|
2.9
|
2.1
|
15,000 - 19,000
|
17
|
16
|
19
|
21
|
17
|
14
|
14
|
2.5
|
2.2
|
2.5
|
2.9
|
1.9
|
1.5
|
1.3
|
10,000 - 14,999
|
19
|
22
|
22
|
17
|
29
|
36
|
37
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
2.0
|
1.7
|
2.2
|
2.5
|
2.5
|
5,000 - 9,999
|
61
|
66
|
73
|
84
|
83
|
89
|
86
|
3.8
|
3.7
|
3.9
|
4.9
|
3.8
|
3.7
|
3.5
|
2,500 - 4,999
|
103
|
110
|
115
|
122
|
127
|
153
|
165
|
3.1
|
3.0
|
2.9
|
3.3
|
2.7
|
3.1
|
3.2
|
2,000 - 2,4999
|
50
|
52
|
56
|
59
|
71
|
75
|
64
|
1.0
|
0.9
|
0.9
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
0.8
|
1,000 - 1,999
|
178
|
180
|
181
|
213
|
252
|
280
|
312
|
2.2
|
2.0
|
1.9
|
2.4
|
2.2
|
2.3
|
2.5
|
Total urban
|
459
|
481
|
503
|
563
|
632
|
706
|
741
|
82.9
|
85.6
|
86.0
|
85.7
|
85.4
|
85.1
|
86.0
|
Total rural
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
16.9
|
14.3
|
13.9
|
14.2
|
14.5
|
14.8
|
14.0
|
Total populationb/
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
Total number (`000)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11,599
|
12,756
|
13,548
|
14,576
|
15,602
|
16,851
|
17,892
|
Source: Rowland 1982, ABS Censuses 1981-1996
a/ Figures not corrected for under enumeration.
b/ Includes migratory population.
Table 2: Australia: Population Growth by Section of State, 1954-96
Source: Bowie 1987; ABS 1976, 1981, 1986, 1991 and 1996 Censuses
Census Year
|
Metropolitan (Major urban) Number
|
%
|
Non-Metropolitan Number
|
%
|
Other Urban Number
|
%
|
Rural Number
|
%
|
Australia Number
|
%
|
A.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1954
|
4,813,121
|
53.6
|
4,173,409
|
46.4
|
2,214,280
|
24.6
|
1,959,129
|
21.8
|
8,986,530
|
100.0
|
1961
|
5,885,121
|
56.0
|
4,623,065
|
44.0
|
2,696,147
|
25.7
|
1,926,918
|
18.3
|
10,508,186
|
100.0
|
1966
|
6,730,663
|
58.0
|
4,871,231
|
42.0
|
2,887,299
|
24.9
|
1,983,932
|
17.1
|
11,601,894
|
100.0
|
1971
|
7,695,194
|
60.4
|
5,094,444
|
39.6
|
3,184,617
|
25.0
|
1,864,827
|
14.6
|
12,744,638
|
100.0
|
1976
|
8,093,138
|
59.7
|
5,454,820
|
40.3
|
3,532,868
|
26.1
|
1,921,952
|
14.2
|
13,547,958
|
100.0
|
1981
|
9,202,318
|
63.2
|
5,364,012
|
36.8
|
3,287,438
|
22.6
|
2,063,600
|
14.2
|
14,576,330
|
100.0
|
1986
|
9,817,933
|
633.0
|
5,765,875
|
37.0
|
3,499,012
|
22.5
|
2,266,863
|
14.5
|
15,583,808
|
100.0
|
1991
|
10,563,364
|
62.7
|
6,278,205
|
37.3
|
3,776,550
|
22.4
|
2,501,655
|
14.9
|
16,841,569
|
100.0
|
1996
|
11,221,393
|
62.8
|
6,659,821
|
37.2
|
4,161,498
|
23.3
|
2,498,323
|
14.0
|
17,881,214
|
100.0
|
B.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1976
|
8,654,328
|
63.9
|
4,900,703
|
36.1
|
2,997,043
|
22.1
|
1,888,602
|
13.9
|
13,555,031
|
100.0
|
1981
|
9,202,318
|
63.2
|
5,364,012
|
36.8
|
3,287,438
|
22.6
|
2,063,600
|
14.2
|
14,566,330
|
100.0
|
1986
|
9,817,933
|
62.9
|
5,784,223
|
37.1
|
3,517,360
|
22.5
|
2,266,863
|
14.5
|
15,602,156
|
100.0
|
1991
|
10,461,964
|
62.1
|
6,338,576
|
37.9
|
3,877,950
|
23.0
|
2,510,626
|
14.9
|
16,850,540
|
100.0
|
1996
|
11,221,393
|
62.7
|
6,671,030
|
37.3
|
4,161,498
|
23.3
|
2,509,532
|
14.0
|
17,892,423
|
100.0
|
Percent Change
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1954-61
|
22.3
|
|
10.8
|
|
21.8
|
|
-1.6
|
|
16.9
|
|
1961-66
|
14.4
|
|
5.4
|
|
7.1
|
|
3.0
|
|
10.4
|
|
1966-71
|
14.3
|
|
3.7
|
|
10.3
|
|
-6.0
|
|
9.8
|
|
1971-76
|
5.2
|
|
8.0
|
|
10.9
|
|
3.1
|
|
6.3
|
|
1976-81
|
5.0
|
|
11.5
|
|
12.9
|
|
9.0
|
|
7.6
|
|
1981-86
|
15.6
|
|
-5.2
|
|
-12.2
|
|
8.2
|
|
6.9
|
|
1986-91
|
7.6
|
|
8.9
|
|
7.9
|
|
10.4
|
|
8.1
|
|
1991-96
|
6.2
|
|
6.1
|
|
10.2
|
|
-0.1
|
|
6.2
|
|
B.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1976-81
|
6.3
|
|
9.5
|
|
9.7
|
|
9.3
|
|
7.5
|
|
1981-86
|
6.7
|
|
7.8
|
|
6.4
|
|
9.8
|
|
7.1
|
|
1986-91
|
6.6
|
|
10.4
|
|
10.3
|
|
10.8
|
|
8.0
|
|
1991-96
|
6.2
|
|
4.4
|
|
7.3
|
|
-0.04
|
|
6.2
|
|
Note: A. Each section of state as defined in the report of each census.
B. Based on the section of state as defined in the report of the 1981 census. Non-major urban includes migratory population.
 Figure 2: Australia: Changing Distribution of Population Between Metropolitan, Other Urban and Rural Sectors, 1921-96
Source: Australian Censuses 1921-96
areas and indeed there has been a consistent decline in the proportion of Australians living in the largest five capitals (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide) from 57.9 percent in 1971 to 53.1 percent in 1996.
However, this change has not been a renaissance of population growth throughout non-metropolitan Australia. Firstly while the population living in country towns increased from 2,887,299 to 4,161,498 over the 1966-96 period (44.1 percent) that living in rural areas2 increased at only 25.9 percent from 1,983,932 to 2,498,323. More importantly there were substantial variations between non-metropolitan areas in the patterns of population change over the 1991-96 intercensal period. Figure 3 shows that there were wide variations between regional areas with respect to population growth and decline and distinct spatial patterns of growth and decline. Overall, non-metropolitan populations grew slightly faster (6 percent) than was the case in metropolitan areas (5.6 percent). It will be noted that areas of population growth in regional Australia are strongly concentrated in certain non-metropolitan areas, namely...
Figure 3: Australia: Population Change 1991-96
Source: Haberkorn et al. 1999
- The areas surrounding metropolitan areas.
- Along the well watered east coast and southwest coast.
- Some resort and retirement areas.
- Some regional centres.
- Along the Hume Highway linking Sydney and Melbourne.
- Some relatively remote areas, especially those with growing mining activities, tourism and significant indigenous populations.
On the other hand, there is also a spatial concentration of the areas experiencing population decline...
- Above all the dry farming areas of the wheat-sheep belt such as in western Victoria extending through central-western New South Wales and Queensland, the southeast Eyre Peninsula and mid north of South Australia and the wheat-sheep belt of Western Australia.
- Many pastoral areas in central Australia.
- Certain mining areas such as Broken Hill.
- Declining industrial cities such as Whyalla in South Australia.
These stark patterns point to a substantial degree of population variation within regional Australia.
It is interesting, too, to examine the patterns of population change in non-metropolitan Australia according to the degree of accessibility/remoteness of particular areas. Table 3 shows the rates of population change in the five accessibility sectors of non-metropolitan Australia depicted in Figure 1. This indicates that only in the highly accessible areas close to major cities are population growth levels above the national average. There is a decline in the rates of growth with increasing distance away from the large cities except that the very remote areas had a slightly faster growth rate than the `remote' areas. It will also be noted that there is an association between rates of population growth and population density.
Table 3: Australian Non-Metropolitan Areas: Population Growth by Level of Accessibility
Level of Accessibility
|
Rate of population growth
1991-96 (%)
|
Population density
Persons per km2
|
Highly accessible
|
6.2
|
77.2
|
Accessible
|
5.1
|
4.1
|
Moderately accessible
|
3.6
|
1.0
|
Remote
|
1.2
|
0.2
|
Very remote
|
2.9
|
0.0
|
Total Australia
|
5.8
|
2.3
|
Source: Haberkorn et al. 1999: 105
Figure 4: Australia: Population Change in Country Towns, 1991-96
Source: Australian Censuses of 1991 and 1996
Turning to an examination of population growth trends in country towns, Figure 4 shows the location of urban areas experiencing growth and decline. Again a clear spatial pattern is in evidence. Centres with relatively rapid growth are clustered around the nation's largest cities and strung along the eastern and southwestern coasts. On the other hand, the wheat-sheep belt area tends to have urban places which are experiencing decline. In the more remote areas there is a greater variation with both centres experiencing growth and those recording decline.
Processes Of Population Change In Non-Metropolitan Australia
In examining patterns of population growth it is necessary to disaggregate the change and examine the processes influencing it separately. The demographic processes shaping population growth in individual country towns as in the non-metropolitan sector generally are as follows...
- Fertility - the extent to which women living in the area have children.
- Mortality
- Internal migration - the extent to which people move into the area from other parts of Australia and which residents move elsewhere in Australia.
- International migration - the extent to which people move into the area from overseas and which residents leave for overseas.
Australian fertility has undergone a major transition in Australian since World War II in which four phases are able to be identified...
- The post-war baby boom in which the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)3 rose from 2.75 in 1945 to a high of 3.55 in 1961.
- A period of steep decline in fertility to below replacement level in 1976 and down to 1.895 in 1980.
- A subsequent period of relative stability up to 1992 when the TFR fluctuated between 1.84 and 1.94.
- A recommencement of decline with the TFR falling from 1.89 in 1992 to 1.74 in 1998.
These phases have been equally evident in non-metropolitan as in metropolitan areas although non-metropolitan fertility levels have been higher than those in metropolitan areas. Table 4 shows that fertility in non-metropolitan Australia in the first half of the 1990s was around replacement level - 16 percent higher than that of the nation as a whole and 19 percent higher than in Australia's capital cities.
Table 4: Australia: Total Fertility Rate, State/Territory, 1992 to 1995
|
|
NSW
|
VIC
|
Qld
|
SA
|
WA
|
Tas
|
NT
|
ACT
|
Total
|
Capital city
|
1.81
|
1.70
|
1.73
|
1.64
|
1.76
|
1.79
|
2.06
|
1.721
|
1.75
|
Other major urban centres2
|
1.91
|
1.86
|
1.73
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
..
|
1.84
|
Rest of State/Territory
|
2.24
|
2.15
|
2.07
|
2.12
|
2.22
|
2.08
|
2.66
|
-3
|
2.16
|
Whole State/Territory
|
1.91
|
1.79
|
1.86
|
1.75
|
1.87
|
1.95
|
2.38
|
1.69
|
1.86
|
1 Includes Queanbeyan (c)
2 Includes Newcastle and Wollongong (NSW); Geelong (Vic); and Gold Coast-Tweed Heads and Townsville-
Thuringowa (Qld)
3 Data included with ACT total
Source: Glover, Harris and Tennant 1999: 182
With respect to mortality levels, they are higher in non-metropolitan than metropolitan areas as Table 5 indicates. This applies to both infant mortality rates4 and standardised mortality rates (SMRs)5 for both males and females in the economically active ages of 15 to 64. In all cases it will be noted that the `other' major urban centres lay between the capital cities on the one hand and non-metropolitan areas on the other. It will be noted also in Table 5 that there has been substantial improvement in mortality levels in non-metropolitan areas over the last decade.
Table 5: Australia: Infant Mortality Rates and Standardised Death Rates for Males and Females Aged 15-64
|
|
|
|
|
|
Infant Mortality Rate
|
Standardised Death Rates
|
1992-95
|
(per 1000)
|
Males
|
Females
|
Capital city
|
5.8
|
94
|
95
|
Other major urban centres
|
6.2
|
102
|
105
|
Rest of State/Territory
|
6.8
|
110
|
109
|
Australia
|
6.2
|
100
|
100
|
1985-89
|
|
|
|
Rest of State/Territory
|
9.3
|
111
|
108
|
Source: Glover, Harris and Tennant 1999: 136, 140, 144
Table 6 shows the pattern of fertility and mortality in non-metropolitan areas according to the degree of accessibility/remoteness of areas. This indicates that there are strong correlations between both fertility and mortality on the one hand and remoteness/accessibility on the other. Fertility increases with the degree of remoteness. This is partly due to intrinsically higher fertility in rural areas and partly due to higher representations of indigenous populations in remote areas. Similar patterns are observable in relation to mortality levels with increases with distance from large centres.
Table 6: Australia: Total Fertility Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Standardised Mortality Rates for Males and Females Aged 15-64; 1992-95
Accessibility/remoteness Index
|
TFR
|
IMR
|
SMR
Males 15-64
|
SMR
Females 15-64
|
Very accessible
|
1.79
|
5.8
|
96
|
97
|
Accessible
|
2.15
|
7.1
|
118
|
102
|
Moderately accessible
|
2.30
|
6.3
|
116
|
106
|
Remote
|
2.43
|
8.0
|
128
|
126
|
Very remote
|
2.51
|
13.4
|
201
|
258
|
Source: Glover, Harris and Tennant 1999: 135, 140, 144, 182
While there are differences in fertility and mortality between areas in Australia it is differences in the migration experience of those areas which is the main reason for variations in levels of population growth or decline. Migration differences are important, however, not only because they influence levels of population growth in areas but because migrants are always not a cross section of the population at either their origin or destination. The process of migration greatly influences the composition of the population of areas. The influence of migration can be differentiated between that of internal migration and that of overseas groups. By far the greatest influence is from internal (within Australia) migration and this will be considered first.6
Table 7 shows the net migration7 patterns for the metropolitan and non-metropolitan parts of each state between 1966 and 1996 and a number of interesting patterns are in evidence. In analysing trends in intrastate migration up to 1991, Bell (1995: 78) comments that the most striking feature `is the consistent trend towards reduced net gains or increased losses from each capital city to its respective non-metropolitan area.' This pattern appears to have changed significantly in the 1991-96 period in all states except Tasmania. In the two largest states, New South Wales and Victoria, there was a substantial reduction in the net losses from Sydney and Melbourne to their respective non-metropolitan areas. That in NSW was halved and
Table 7: Net Interstate and Intrastate Migration, Capital City Statistical Divisions and Non-Metropolitan Areas, Six States, Australia, 1966-71 to 1991-96
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Year
|
Metropolitan
|
Non-Metropolitan
|
Metropolitan share of interstate gain
|
New South Wales
|
Intrastate
|
Interstate
|
Total
|
Intrastate
|
Interstate
|
Total
|
Or loss (%)
|
1966-711
|
-5,714
|
-4,609
|
-10,323
|
5,714
|
-15,460
|
-9,746
|
23.0
|
1971-76
|
-22,429
|
-48,373
|
-70,802
|
22,429
|
-25,530
|
-3,101
|
65.5
|
1976-81
|
-34,045
|
-23,849
|
-57,894
|
34,045
|
-388
|
33,657
|
98.4
|
1981-86
|
-26,652
|
-37,658
|
-64,310
|
26,652
|
-22,370
|
4,282
|
62.7
|
1986-91
|
-67,348
|
-71,374
|
-138,672
|
67,348
|
-22,120
|
45,238
|
76.3
|
1991-96
|
-33,659
|
-30,136
|
-63,795
|
33,659
|
-28,090
|
5,569
|
51.8
|
Victoria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1966-71
|
20,998
|
-11,162
|
9,836
|
-20,998
|
-15,686
|
-36,684
|
41.6
|
1971-76
|
-5,865
|
-24,900
|
-30,765
|
5,865
|
-13,832
|
-7,967
|
64.3
|
1976-81
|
-18,514
|
-36,993
|
-55,507
|
18,514
|
-18,456
|
58
|
66.7
|
1981-86
|
-26,481
|
-27,335
|
-53,816
|
26,481
|
-12,243
|
14,238
|
69.1
|
1986-91
|
-29,118
|
-29,756
|
-58,874
|
29,118
|
-14,995
|
14,123
|
66.5
|
1991-96
|
-4,264
|
-45,118
|
-49,382
|
4,264
|
-31,024
|
-26,760
|
59.3
|
Queensland
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1966-711
|
13,456
|
4,076
|
17,532
|
-13,456
|
11,312
|
-2,144
|
26.5
|
1971-76
|
6,718
|
30,760
|
37,478
|
-6,718
|
34,640
|
27,922
|
47.0
|
1976-81
|
-2,481
|
31,011
|
28,530
|
2,481
|
52,445
|
54,926
|
37.2
|
1981-86
|
-9,811
|
29,064
|
19,253
|
9,811
|
58,957
|
68,768
|
33.0
|
1986-91
|
-3,035
|
45,752
|
42,717
|
3,035
|
79,047
|
82,082
|
36.7
|
1991-96
|
1,899
|
54,021
|
55,920
|
-1,899
|
88,142
|
86,243
|
38.0
|
South Australia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1966-711
|
9,362
|
-10,926
|
-1,564
|
-9,362
|
-5,939
|
-15,301
|
64.8
|
1971-76
|
5,900
|
8,423
|
14,323
|
-5,900
|
-2,232
|
-8,132
|
136.1
|
1976-81
|
2,375
|
-6,042
|
-3,667
|
-2,375
|
-8,746
|
-11,121
|
40.9
|
1981-86
|
1,651
|
-3,848
|
-2,197
|
-1,651
|
-4,628
|
-6,279
|
45.4
|
1986-91
|
3,902
|
-644
|
3,258
|
-3,902
|
-3,638
|
-7,540
|
15.0
|
1991-96
|
4,815
|
-13,904
|
-9,089
|
-4,815
|
-4,117
|
-8,932
|
77.2
|
Western Australia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1966-711
|
15,187
|
12,526
|
27,713
|
-15,187
|
10,038
|
-5,149
|
55.5
|
1971-76
|
15,881
|
17,094
|
32,975
|
-15,881
|
2,513
|
-13,368
|
87.2
|
1976-81
|
6,722
|
11,844
|
18,566
|
-6,722
|
-1,365
|
-8,087
|
113.0
|
1981-86
|
7,347
|
14,773
|
22,120
|
-7,347
|
877
|
-6,470
|
94.4
|
1986-91
|
4,576
|
12,884
|
17,460
|
-4,576
|
3,282
|
-1,294
|
79.7
|
1991-96
|
6,534
|
12,467
|
19,001
|
-6,534
|
3,852
|
-2,682
|
76.4
|
Tasmania
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1966-711
|
3,396
|
-3,074
|
322
|
-3,396
|
-3,736
|
-7,132
|
45.1
|
1971-76
|
3,370
|
-798
|
2,572
|
-3,370
|
-3,221
|
-6,591
|
19.9
|
1976-81
|
-56
|
-2,384
|
-2,440
|
56
|
| |
